14. Axial Fans in the Deep: Ventilation Challenges in Mining and Tunneling Ventilation is an absolute necessity and a primary safety concern in underground operations such as mining, tunneling, and subterranean construction[9]. Toxic gases (like methane and carbon monoxide), dust particles, and the heat generated by machinery must be continuously removed and replaced with fresh, breathable air[11]. axial industrial fans (kpmwu.nodong.net) fans are the preferred solution for this highly demanding application[11]. These fans, known as Mine Ventilation Fans or Auxiliary Mine dc fans, are typically large-scale, heavy-duty Tubeaxial or Vaneaxial units designed to deliver massive volumes of air through long, restrictive ductwork that runs hundreds or thousands of meters underground[18]. Since the system resistance (static pressure) in such long ducts is high, these fans must be engineered for high-pressure capability[18].